ADMS模型在电厂脱硫系统改造中的应用

ADMS模型拥有山区模块,适宜于重庆特殊的地形条件。文章应用ADMS模型预测和评估重庆市某大型火电厂GGH取消前后对主城区大气环境质量的影响,从环境效益的角度论证取消GGH系统的可行性。结果表明,取消GGH系统将使烟气抬升高度降低108 m,近地表大气污染物浓度有一定程度的升高,但相对于各污染物年均、日均标准浓度限值,其升高值的贡献都不超过0.1%,取消GGH系统不会对主城环境空气质量造成影响。在脱硫设施非正常运行的条件下,取消GGH系统将使近地表二氧化硫日均浓度有明显的升高,总体升高9.7%,但平均升高值只占二氧化硫日均浓度标准限值的0.63%,对环境也不会造成明显的影响。取消GGH系统,可提高脱硫设施的运行率,进而减少因脱硫设施故障而可能增加二氧化硫排放的风险。     

宁夏电网短路电流水平分析及限制措施

针对未来2~3 年宁夏电网短路水平,通过计算, 分析了超标点短路电流增高的主要原因,从网架结构、设备更换及运行方式调整等方面提出了限制措施。应用结果表明:限制措施确保了电网安全稳定运行。     

两起GIS带电设备异常现象的研讨

针对两起550kV GIS 不同带电设备产生的异常现象,通过特高频、超声波、红外成像、SF₆气体成分等带电测试方法进行全方位、多角度分析与对比。结果表明:磁致伸缩引起的机械振动不会给GIS设备运行带来危害,但机械振动放电引起的异常现象将会对GIS安全运行带来一定程度的危险。     

Impacts of surfactants on the ecotoxicological effects of TiO2-NP and/or Cd contamination in sediments北大核心CSCD

Surfactants may alter the interaction between engineered nanoparticles (ENP) and coexisting pollutants, and further influence the ecotoxicity of these pollutants. This research aimed to evaluate the impacts of the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDS) on the ecotoxicological effects of TiO2-NP and Cd combined contamination in freshwater sediments by deposit-feeding gastropoda Bellamya aeroginosa. We investigated the effects of TiO2-NP and/or Cd contamination in the presence of different concentrations of SDS on DNA damage, Na+, K+-ATPase activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels in the hepatopancreas of B. aeroginosa following 21-d chronic sediment bioassay. The results showed that low concentration (5 μg g-1) of Cd had no toxicity to B. aeroginosa, while relatively high concentration (25 μg g-1) displayed obvious toxicity, and that SDS could significantly enhance the toxicity of Cd to B. aeroginosa. TiO2-NP with nontoxic concentration could enhance the toxicity of Cd with low concentration to B. aeroginosa, but had no effects on the toxicity of Cd with high concentration. SDS could significantly enhance the toxicity of TiO2-NP and Cd combined contamination to B. aeroginosa in a SDS-concentration-dependent manner. When assessing the potential environmental risk of ENP, we should not only focus on the toxicity of ENP itself, or the interaction between ENP and coexisting contaminants, but also should consider the potential impacts of surfactants and other environmental factors.     

CdTe/ZnSQDs在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征

为了解Cd Te/Zn SQDs(Cd Te/Zn S量子点)在小鼠肾脏中的药代动力学特征,选择雄性ICR(Institute of Cancer Research)小鼠为动物模型,每只单次尾静脉注射5 nmol的Cd Te/Zn SQDs(粒径约为6 nm,最大发射波长590 nm)。在尾静脉注射Cd Te/Zn SQDs 15 min、1 h、6 h、24 h、72 h、168 h、2 w、4 w和6 w时剖取小鼠的肾脏,消化后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测其中的Cd(镉)和Te(碲)含量,Cd和Te在小鼠肾脏中浓度随时间的变化均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,Cd和Te含量分别在168 h和72 h时达到峰值(60.42±8.85)ng·g~(-1)和(18.69±0.97)ng·g~(-1),之后逐渐下降,将二者的含量以摩尔比表示,随着给药时间的延长,摩尔(Cd):摩尔(Te)由2.71:1逐渐变成1.39:1。利用3P87计算Cd和Te在肾脏中的药代动力学参数,结果发现Cd和Te在肾脏中的Vd(表观分布体积)分别为(823.14±82.76)g·kg~(-1)和(686.28±53.13)g·kg~(-1)(P0.05);AUC(药物浓度-时间曲线下面积)分别为(24.48±2.52)μg·g~(-1)·h和(7.41±0.60)μg·g~(-1)·h(P0.01);CL(清除率)分别为(0.90±0.11)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)和(1.02±0.13)g·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)(P0.05);t1/2(半衰期)分别为(617.02±8.57)h和(458.21±1.85)h(P0.01)。研究提示Cd和Te在肾脏含量的摩尔比随时间变化不同,QDs在体内发生了化学降解;二者的药代动力学参数不同,Cd在肾脏中的代谢速度明显慢于Te,游离的Cd2+可能引起肾脏毒性。     

Hydrological Responses to Climate and Land‐Use Changes along the North American East Coast: A 110‐Year Historical Reconstruction

The North American east coast (NAEC) region experienced significant climate and land‐use changes in the past century. To explore how these changes have affected land water cycling, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM 2.0) was used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of runoff and river discharge during 1901‐2010 in the study area. Annual runoff over the NAEC was 420 ± 61 mm/yr (average ± standard deviation). Runoff increased in parts of the northern NAEC but decreased in some areas of the southern NAEC. Annual freshwater discharge from the study area was 378 ± 61 km³/yr (average ± standard deviation). Factorial simulation experiments suggested that climate change and variability explained 97.5% of the interannual variability of runoff and also resulted in the opposite changes in runoff in northern and southern regions of the NAEC. Land‐use change reduced runoff by 5‐22 mm/yr from 1931 to 2010, but the impacts were divergent over the Piedmont region and Coastal Plain areas of the southern NAEC. Land‐use change impacts were more significant at local and watershed spatial scales rather than at regional scales. Different responses of runoff to changing climate and land‐use should be noted in future water resource management. Hydrological impacts of afforestation and deforestation as well as urbanization should also be noted by land‐use policy makers.     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

Unraveling the size distributions of surface properties for purple soil and yellow soil

Soils contain diverse colloidal particles whose properties are pertinent to ecological and human health, whereas few investigations systematically analyze the surface properties of these particles. The objective of this study was to elucidate the surface properties of particles within targeted size ranges(i.e. 10, 1–10, 0.5–1, 0.2–0.5 and 0.2 μm) for a purple soil(Entisol) and a yellow soil(Ultisol) using the combined determination method. The mineralogy of corresponding particle-size fractions was determined by X-ray diffraction.We found that up to 80% of the specific surface area and 85% of the surface charge of the entire soil came from colloidal-sized particles( 1 μm), and almost half of the specific surface area and surface charge came from the smallest particles( 0.2 μm). Vermiculite,illite, montmorillonite and mica dominated in the colloidal-sized particles, of which the smallest particles had the highest proportion of vermiculite and montmorillonite. For a given size fraction, the purple soil had a larger specific surface area, stronger electrostatic field, and higher surface charge than the yellow soil due to differences in mineralogy.Likewise, the differences in surface properties among the various particle-size fractions can also be ascribed to mineralogy. Our results indicated that soil surface properties were essentially determined by the colloidal-sized particles, and the 0.2 μm nanoparticles made the largest contribution to soil properties. The composition of clay minerals within the diverse particle-size fractions could fully explain the size distributions of surface properties.     

CFRP筋增强钢纤维混凝土梁受剪承载力试验与分析∗

对 CFRP 箍筋和纵筋增强钢纤维混凝土梁的受剪承载力进行研究,通过 6 根梁的加载试验研究了剪跨比、配箍率和箍筋种类对受剪承载力的影响。考虑 CFRP 纵筋与混凝土的粘结性能,建立了 CFRP 筋增强钢纤维梁受剪承载力计算方法。结果表明：①CFRP 筋增强钢纤维混凝土梁受剪承载力高,破坏前斜裂缝宽度大,破坏有明显预兆;②钢纤维可有效减小斜截面开裂后前期的 CFRP 箍筋应力,有利于箍筋强度发挥,CFRP 箍筋的极限应变可取为 0.004;③CFRP 纵筋发挥强度高,需注意锚固长度和设计使用应力,防止滑移拔出和销栓破断;④给出的受剪承载力计算方法具有较高的计算精度高。